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[29] Chenoweth, “Syrian Conflict Is Already a Civil War”; Murphy, “Why It’s Time to Call Syria a Civil War.”

[30] “Syria Crisis: Death Toll Tops 17,000, Says Opposition Group,” Huffington Post, July 9, 2012; “Syria in Civil War, Red Cross Says,” BBC News, Middle East, July 15, 2012.

[31] International Committee of the Red Cross, “Internal Conflicts or Other Situations of Violence.”

[32] Eckstein, “Introduction: Toward the Theoretical Study of Internal War,”in Internal War, 1. On Eckstein, see Almond, “Harry Eckstein as Political Theorist.”

[33] Eckstein, “On the Etiology of Internal Wars.” For recent overviews of the Cold War and the social sciences, see Engerman, “Social Science in the Cold War”;Gilman, “Cold War as Intellectual Force Field.”

[34] Orlansky, State of Research on Internal War, 3; compare Eckstein, Internal War,32: “The crucial issues…are pre-theoretical issues.”

[35] U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Nature of Revolution,155 – 56; Brinton, Anatomy of Revolution; Mc Alister, Viet Nam.

[36] 有关Rawls的演讲中更多政治和思想史的背景，详见Forrester, “Citizenship,War, and the Origins of International Ethics in American Political Philosophy,1960—1975”。

[37] Rawls, “Moral Problems.”

[38] Compare, for example, Speier, Revolutionary War.

[39] John Rawls, “Topic III: Just War: Jus ad bellum” (1969), Harvard University Archives, Acs. 14990, box 12, file 4; Mill, “A Few Words on Non-intervention”(1859), in Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, 21:111 – 23.

[40] Foucault, “La société punitive,” Lecture 1 (Jan. 3, 1973), 16 – 17; Foucault, La société punitive, 14 – 15; Foucault, Punitive Society, trans. Burchell, 13.

[41] hoffman, “Foucault’s Politics and Bellicosity as a Matrix for Power Relations.”

[42] Foisneau, “Farewell to Leviathan.”

[43] Foucault, “La société punitive,” Lecture 2 (Jan. 10, 1973), 22 – 23, 28–29;Foucault, La société punitive, 26 – 31 (“la guerre civile se déroule sur le théâtre du pouvoir”), 34 (“la politique est la continuation de la guerre civile”);Foucault, Punitive Society, trans. Burchell, 24 – 32.

[44] Wright, Study of War; Richardson, Statistics of Deadly Quarrels; Singer and Small, Wages of War, 1816—1965.

[45] Small and Singer, Resort to Arms, 203 – 4.

[46] Ibid., 210 – 20; Henderson and Singer, “Civil War in the Post-colonial World,1946—92,” 284 – 85.

[47] Sambanis, “What Is Civil War? ”, 816.

[48] 有关其他的讨论，参见Duvall, “Appraisal of the Methodological and Statistical Procedures of the Correlates of War Project”; Cramer, Civil War Is Not a Stupid Thing, 57 – 86; Vasquez, War Puzzle Revisited, 27 – 29。

[49] metropole和periphery的区别后来被战争研究所抛弃了，Sarkees and Wayman, Resort to War, 43, 47。

[50] 这个困境甚至阻碍了耶鲁政治学家Stathis Kalyvas提出更为实用的内战定义：“Armed combat within the boundaries of a recognized sovereign entity between parties subject to a common authority at the outset of the hostilities.”Kalyvas, Logic of Violence in Civil War, 17 (my emphasis).

[51] Remak, Very Civil War, 157.

[52] hopkinson, Green Against Green, 272 – 73.

[53] Sutton, Index of Deaths from the Conflict in Ireland, 1969—1993; Conflict Archive on the Internet, “Violence: Deaths During the Conflict.”

[54] Sambanis, “It’s Official”; see also Toft, “Is It a Civil War, or Isn’t It?”

[55] Annan, quoted in Cordesmann, Iraq’s Insurgency and the Road to Civil Conflict,2:393.

[56] Lando, “By the Numbers, It’s Civil War.”

[57] Wong, “Matter of Definition.”

[58] Erdo an, quoted in Cordesmann, Iraq’s Insurgency and the Road to Civil Conflict,2:393.

[59] Keeter, “Civil War.”

[60] Stansfield, “Accepting Realities in Iraq.”

[61] Fearon, “Testimony to U.S. House of Representatives …on ‘Iraq: Democracy or Civil War?’ ”

[62] Fearon, “Iraq’s Civil War.”

[63] Zavis, “Maliki Challenges ‘Civil War’ Label.”

[64] Taheri, “There Is No Civil War in Iraq.”

[65] Keegan and Bull, “What Is a Civil War?”

[66] Patten, “Is Iraq in a Civil War?”: 32, 27.

[67] U.S. Army Field Manual 100 – 20: Military Operations in Low Intensity Conflict,quoted in Patten, “Is Iraq in a Civil War?”: 28