参考文献（第4/7页）

Robert Walter Johannsen, The frontier, the Union, and Stephen A.Douglass(Urbana:University of Illinois Press, 1989)

Bruce Levine, Confederate emancipation:southern plans to free and arm slaves during the civilwar(New York and Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2006)

Chand ra Manning, What this cruelwar was over:soldiers, slavery , and the civil war(New York:Vintage Books, 2007)

Russell McClintock, Lincoln and the decision for war:the northern response to secession(Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press, 2008)

Stephanie McCurry, Confederate reckoning:power and politics in the civil war South(Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press, 2010)

James M.McPherson, Battle cry of freedom:the civil war era(New York and Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1988)

James M.McPherson, Whattheyfoughtfor, 1861-1865(Baton Rouge:Louisiana State University Press, 1994)

James M.McPherson, For cause and comrades:why men foughtin the civilwar(Oxford and New York:Oxford University Press, 1997)

Michael A.Morrison, Slavery and the American west:the eclipse of manifest destiny and the coming of the civil war(Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press, 1997)

John R.Neff, Honoring the civilwar dead:commemoration and the problem of reconciliation(Lawrence:University Press of Kansas, 2005)

PeterJ.Parish, The American civilwar(New York:Holmes and Meier, 1975)

W.Scott Poole, Never surrender:Confederate memory and conservatism in the South Carolina upcountry(Athens and London:The University of Georgia Press, 2004)

DavidM.Potter, Theimpending crisis, 1848-1861(New York:Harper and Row, 1976)

George C.Rable, Fredericksburg!Fredericksburg!(Chapel Hill and London:University of North Carolina Press, 2002)

Brian Holden Reid, The origins of the American civil war(Harlow, Essex:Longman, 1996)

Charles Royster, The destructive war:William Tecumseh Sherman, Stonewall Jackson, and the Americans(1991.Reprint.New York:Rand om House, 1993)

Julie Saville, The work of reconstruction:from slave to wage laborer in South Carolina, 1860-1870(1994.Paperback Reprint.New York and Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1996)

MarkSchantz, Awaitingtheheavenly country:the civilwarand America's culture of death(Ithaca, NY and London:Cornell University Press, 2008)

Harry S.Stout, Upon the altar of the nation:a moralhistory of the civilwar(New York:Penguin Books, 2006)

ElizabethR.Varon, Disunion!:the coming of the American civilwar, 1789-1859(Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press, 2008)

Bell Irvin Wiley, The life of Johnny Reb:the common soldier of the Confederacy(1943.Reprint.Baton Rouge.Louisiana State University Press, 1989)

Bell Irvin Wiley, The life of Billy Yank:the common soldier of the Union(1952.Reprint.Baton Rouge:Louisiana State University Press, 1989)

The West

Stephen Ambrose, Crazy Horse and Custer:the parallel lives of two American warriors(New York:Doubleday, 1975)

Stephen E.Ambrose, Undaunted courage:Meriwether Lewis, ThomasJefferson, and the opening of the American west(New York:Simon＆Schuster, 1996)

Pekka H¨am¨al¨ainen, The Comanche empire(New Haven, CT:Yale University Press, 2008)

Patricia Nelson Limerick, Thelegacy of conquest:the unbrokenpastof the American west(New York and London:W.W.Norton and Company, 1987)

Dean L.May, Three frontiers:family, land , and society in the American west, 1850-1900(New York:Cambridge University Press, 1994)

William G.Robbins, Colony and empire:the capitalist transformation of the American west(Lawrence:University Press of Kansas, 1994)

Richard Slotkin, Fatal environment:the myth of the frontier in the age of industrialization, 1800-1890(New York:Atheneum Publishers, 1985)

Henry Nash Smith, Virgin land :the American west as symbol and myth(Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press, 1950)

RichardWhite, “It's your misfortune and none of my own”:a newhistory of the American west(Norman:University of Oklahoma Press, 1991)

Donald Worster, Under western skies:nature and history in the American west(New York:Oxford University Press, 1992)

The Gilded Age/Progressive Era

Sven Beckert, The monied metropolis:New York City and the consolidation of the American bourgeoisie, 1850-1896(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2001)

Edward J.Blum, Reforging the white republic:race, religion, and American nationalism, 1865-1898(Baton Rouge:Louisiana State University　Press, 2005)

John M.Cooper, Jr., Pivotaldecades:The United　States, 1900-1920(New York:W.W.Norton and Co., 1990)